Old medicine treated the body. Modern medicine treats the disease — and bills the insurance! 1. Medicine was plural, not centralized Before the early 1900s, there was no single “approved” medical system. People used: • Herbal medicine • Homeopathy • Naturopathy • Midwifery • Traditional healers • Early surgery and pharmaceuticals Doctors were trained in many different schools of thought, and patients chose what worked for them. There was no monopoly on healthcare. ⸻ 2. Treatment focused more on